Jonathan Bain
Dept. of Technology, Culture and Society
Polytechnic Institute of New York University
Guidelines For Writing a Philosophical Essay*
[Courses]
All submitted papers must follow these guidelines.  If a submitted paper does not follow them, it may be returned to the author for revision.  A late-paper penalty may subsequently be charged.

I.  Style
A philosophical essay is direct and to the point.  It uses simple language and does not engage in literary flourishes.  It's goal is to articulate a claim and provide reasons in support of that claim in as clear and direct a way as possible.

II.  Presentation
1.
 Begin with a  title page containing the following information.  This should be the only page on which your name appears, so that your paper may be graded anonymously.
  
The title of your paper.
Your name.
The paper's due date.
The name of the course.
Your instructor's name.

2.
 Choose a title that refers explicitly to the topic of your paper (and not "Philosophy Paper #1").
3.
 Print your paper in 10- or 12-point type, double-spaced, with margins of about 1 inch each.  Do not hand-write your paper.  Number your pages.  Spell-check your finished product!
4.
 Staple the pages of your paper together; do not use a paper clip, a folder, or a binder.
5.
 Always keep an extra copy of your paper.

III.  Content
1.
 Organization.  The most important aspect of a paper is its structure.  This is extremely important:  A paper may make several good points, but if it is not well-organized, these points will be obscured and over-looked.  Divide your paper into sections, beginning with an introduction.  Number each section and provide it with an appropriate section heading.  Example:
    
1.  Introduction
2.  Why Quantum Mechanics Needs an Interpretation
3.  Bohm’s Theory
4.  Problems with Bohm’s Theory
5.  Conclusion
2.
 Introduction.  Always begin your paper with an introduction.  An introduction is short and accomplishes two things.  First, it tells the reader what the author's claims are; this should take only a sentence or two.  Second, it tells the reader briefly and explicitly what will be said in each section of the paper to follow.  Example:
      
1.  Introduction
This essay is about Bohm’s theory as an interpretation of quantum mechanics.  I will claim that Bohm’s theory provides an adequate way of describing what quantum mechanics is about.  This will require addressing standard problems associated with Bohm’s theory.  In Section 2, I indicate why quantum mechanics needs an interpretation in the first place.  In Section 3, I explain the details of Bohm’s theory.  Finally, in Section 4, I discuss the problems associated with Bohm’s theory and possible responses.
It may happen that you are not sure exactly what your claims are going to be, or the best way to organize and present them, until after you've written the paper.  For this reason, it makes sense to write the introduction last.  Warning:  Never begin an essay with a literary account of the history of human thought:  "Since the beginning of time, people have wondered about the nature of the infinite.  For centuries, philosophers have pondered long and hard on..., etc."  This wastes valuable space.  Get to the point with no side diversions:  Articulate your claim, and indicate how you are going to support it in the sections to come.
3.
 Body.  The remaining sections of your paper (except the conclusion) should each make one clear point; it should be obvious, from the structure of your paper, how that point supports the thesis of your paper.  Details belong in these sections, not in the introduction.
4.
 Conclusion.  Use a conclusion only to provide a brief summary of what you have accomplished in your paper.  It should be a reminder of what you have proved and how you have proved it.
5.
 Be sure that you address all parts of the assigned topic.  This often requires both explaining an author's argument clearly and critically evaluating it.  To do this well, you need to be very familiar with the text that you are discussing and will need to cite parts of it that sup-port your claims.

III.  Plagiarism and the Use of Sources
•
 Plagiarism is the act of presenting another author's written work as your own.  It is the most serious offense a writer can commit.  It is tantamount to cheating on a final, or faking data in an experiment.  If you engage in this act, you will receive an F for your essay and possibly an F for the course.  Your name will be flagged for future surveillance in any course offered by HuSS.  Your good reputation at Poly will be permanently tarnished.
•
 Beware of copying essays or text directly from the web.  It is extremely easy to catch this.  It is HuSS policy to submit all papers to SafeAssign.  This is an online service that checks an essay against a database consisting of thousands of websites and student essays on an extremely wide range of topics.
•
 To avoid plagiarizing, simply follow the steps below:

1.
 Your essay must contain a bibliography that lists all sources (books, journal articles, websites, etc.) you make use of.  You cannot write a philosophical essay without reference to any sources.
2.
 All quotes from sources must be referenced to those sources.  (Think of this as providing evidence to the reader that the quotes you're providing really are attributable to the author in question.)
3.
 All claims you attribute to authors must be referenced to their sources.  In describing an author's claims, cite the passage of the source where he/she makes those claims.  (Think of this as providing evidence to the reader that these really are the claims made by the author.)
4.
 Do not list lecture notes in your bibliography.  Do not cite lecture notes in the body of your essay.  Lecture notes should only be used as an aid in identifying the claims of an author.  You should then identify the passages in the relevant text where the author makes these claims, and cite these passages accordingly.
5.
 Beware of using online websites as sources.  The web is unregulated and lacks a universal means of professional review.  Any website that has not been explicitly approved by the instructor should not be used as  a source.  In particular, do not use Wikipedia as a source.  Wikipedia should be used only as a guide to legitimate (profesionally reviewed) sources.
6.
 To cite a source, use the system of parenthetical references.  Here is how to do this:

•
 To cite a quote:  Immediately after the quoted text, enclose in parentheses the author's name, the copyright date of the source (which identifies it in the bibliography), and the page number(s) of the passage where the quote appears.  Example:

Your essay reads:
For Hobbes, “war” means more than just physical conflict:  “For War consisteth not in battle only, or the act of fighting, but in a tract of time wherein the will to contend in battle is sufficiently known” (Hobbes 1651, pg. 2).

Your bibliography would include the following reference:
Hobbes, T. (1651) "Of the Naturall Condition of Mankind, As Concerning Their Felicity, and Misery", in T. Horowitz (1996) Social Philosophy, pp. 1-3.
 
•
 To cite a claim you are attributing to an author:  Immediately after the author's name, enclose in parentheses the copyright date of the source (which identifies it in the bibliography), and the page number(s) of the passage you are citing.  Example:

Your essay reads:
Rynasiewicz (1996, pg. 305) contends that the hole argument is a version of Quine- and Putnam-style inscrutability of reference arguments.

Your bibliography would include the following reference:
Rynasiewicz, R. (1996) ‘Absolute versus Relational Space-Time:  An Outmoded Debate?’, Journal of Philosophy 93, 279-306.
 
•
 Note on online texts.  To cite a passage from an online text, in general you will not be able to refer to a page number.  You will have to identify the passage by other means.  For instance, you may refer to it by means of a chapter, a section, and a paragraph number.  (This may require you to sit down and count the paragraphs in a particular section of a chapter.)  The important point is that you provide a means for the reader to identify the passage in the text you are citing.