Jonathan Bain
Humanities and Social Sciences
Polytechnic Institute of New York University

Guidelines For Writing a Philosophical Essay*
[Courses]

All submitted papers must follow these guidelines.  If a submitted paper does not follow them, it will be returned to the author for revision.  A late-paper penalty may subsequently be charged.

I.  Presentation
1.
Begin with a  title page containing the following information:
  
The title of your paper.
Your name.
The paper's due date.
The name of the course.
Your instructor's name.
This should be the only page on which your name appears, so that your paper may be graded anonymously.
2.
Choose a title that refers to the theme or content of your paper fairly specifically - not something like “First Paper” or “Philosophy Paper #1”.
3.
Print your paper in 10- or 12-point type, double-spaced, with margins of about 1 inch each.  Do not hand-write your paper.  Number your pages.  Spell-check your finished product!
4.
Staple the pages of your paper together; do not use a paper clip, a folder, or a binder.
5.
Keep an extra copy of your paper.

II.  Content
1.
Organization.  The most important aspect of a paper is its structure.  This is extremely important:  A paper may make several good points, but if it is not well-organized, these points will be obscured and over-looked.  A good paper is divided into an introduction, several sections constituting the body of the paper, and a conclusion.  Number these divisions and give names to the section headings.  Example:
    
1.  Introduction
2.  Why Quantum Mechanics Needs an Interpretation
3.  Bohm’s Theory
4.  Problems with Bohm’s Theory
5.  Conclusion
2.
Introduction.  Always begin your paper with an introduction.  A good introduction is short and accomplishes two things.  First, it tells the reader what the author's claims are; this should take only a sentence or two.  Second, it tells the reader, in brief, what is going to be said in the rest of the paper to support these claims.  This should take only a few more sentences so that the reader doesn't get bogged down in details.  The best way to do this is to explicitly state what will be said in each section of the paper to follow.  Example:
      
1.  Introduction
This essay is about Bohm’s theory as an interpretation of quantum mechanics.  I will claim that Bohm’s theory provides an adequate way of describing what quantum mechanics is about.  This will require addressing standard problems associated with Bohm’s theory.  In Section 2, I indicate why quantum mechanics needs an interpretation in the first place.  In Section 3, I explain the details of Bohm’s theory.  Finally, in Section 4, I discuss the problems associated with Bohm’s theory and possible responses.
It may happen that you are not sure exactly what your claims are going to be, or the best way to organize and present them, until after you've written the paper.  For this reason, it makes sense to write the introduction last.
3.
Body.  The remaining paragraphs of your paper (except the conclusion) should each make one clear point; it should be obvious, from the structure of your paper, how that point supports the thesis of your paper.  Details belong in these paragraphs, not in the introduction.
4.
Conclusion.  Use a conclusion only to provide a brief summary of what you have accomplished in your paper.  It should be a reminder of what you have proved and how you have proved it.
5.
Be sure that you address all parts of the assigned topic.  This often requires both explaining an author's argument clearly and critically evaluating it.  To do this well, you need to be very familiar with the text that you are discussing and will need to cite parts of it that sup-port your claims.

III.  Plagiarism and the Use of Sources
Plagiarism is the act of presenting another person's written work as your own.  It is the most serious offense a writer can commit.  It is tantamount to cheating on a final, or faking data in an experiment.  If you engage in this act, you will recieve an F for your essay and possibly an F for the course.  Your name will be flagged for future surveillance in any course offered by HuSS.  Your good reputation at Poly will be permanently tarnished.

Beware of copying essays or text directly from the web.  It is extremely easy to catch this.  It is HuSS policy to submit all papers to SafeAssign.  This is one of many online services devoted to catching plagiarized essays.  Its database contains thousands of undergraduate student essays on an extremely wide range of topics.  (Moral:  If you plagiarize, you WILL be caught.)

To avoid plagiarizing, simply follow the steps below:
1.
Your essay must contain a bibliography that lists all sources (books, journal articles, web pages, etc.) you make use of.  You cannot write a philosophical essay without reference to any sources.
2.
All quotes from sources must be referenced to those sources.  (Think of this as providing evidence to the reader that the quotes you're providing really are attributable to the author in question.)
3.
All claims you attribute to authors must be referenced to their sources.  In describing an author's claims, cite the passage of the source where he/she makes those claims.  (Think of this as providing evidence to the reader that these really are the claims made by the author.)
4.
Do not list lecture notes in your bibliography.  Do not cite lecture notes in the body of your essay.  Lecture notes should only be used as an aid in identifying the claims of an author.  You should then identify the passages in the relevant text where the author makes these claims, and cite these passages accordingly.
5.
To cite a source, you may use any system of citations you feel comfortable with, such as footnotes, endnotes, or parenthetical references.  It's usually easiest to use the method of parenthetical reference.  Here is how to do this:

In the system of parenthetical reference, you cite the source by enclosing it in parentheses in the text of your essay. 

To cite a quote:  Immediately after the quoted text, enclose in parentheses the author's name, the copyright date of the source (which identifies it in the bibliography), and the page number(s) of the passage where the quote appears.  Example:
Your essay reads:
For Hobbes, “war” means more than just physical conflict:  “For War consisteth not in battle only, or the act of fighting, but in a tract of time wherein the will to contend in battle is sufficiently known” (Hobbes 1651, pg. 2).

Your bibliography would include the following reference:
Hobbes, T. (1651) "Of the Naturall Condition of Mankind, As Concerning Their Felicity, and Misery", in T. Horowitz (1996) Social Philosophy, pp. 1-3.

To cite a claim you are attributing to an author:  Immediately after the author's name, enclose in parentheses the copyright date of the source (which identifies it in the bibliography), and the page number(s) of the passage you are citing.  Example:
Your essay reads:
Rynasiewicz (1996, pg. 305) contends that the hole argument is a version of Quine- and Putnam-style inscrutability of reference arguments.

Your bibliography would include the following reference:
Rynasiewicz, R. (1996) ‘Absolute versus Relational Space-Time:  An Outmoded Debate?’, Journal of Philosophy 93, 279-306.

Note on online texts.
To cite a passage from an online text, in general you will not be able to refer to a page number.  You will have to identify the passage by other means.  For instance, you may refer to it by means of a chapter, a section, and a paragraph number.  (This may require you to sit down and count the paragraphs in a particular section of a chapter.)  The important point is that you provide a means for the reader to identify the passage in the text you are citing.


*Adapted from B. Eggelston